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Since 1500s, the Europeans were vying for dominance in the Malay archipelago to control the spice trade. First came the Portuguese who conquered Malacca in 1511, with the Dutch and English hot on their heels. The Dutch ousted the Portuguese in Malacca in 1641, leaving the English with "not an inch of land to stand upon" in the Malacca Straits for nearly two centuries. Finally, in 1819, Stamford Raffles of the British East India Company saw an opportunity to set things right (for the British empire).
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